Ideally history is a record of all the
series of events that have occurred, which serves as a revealer of all
things in accordance with the fact that there is no distortion at all,
but in reality he is only partially revealed the sequence of events and
can not be separated entirely from the engineering that is usually done
by the political authorities . Although the phenomenon of this kind ever
happened, but it can not be regarded as a trivial issue even got
straightened out, because it involves and affects the lives of the next
generation as the next historical actor. Moreover, history is the
history of science is an important factor in human life. Thus, the need
for earnest effort and moral responsibility and academic exposure
history.
Before exposing the historical development of science, the authors have
revealed a glimpse of the difference between knowledge and science in
order not to get stuck on a misunderstanding about both, so that the
reader can easily understand and correct what is meant by the historical
development of science in this paper. Science is part of the classified
knowledge, tersistem, and measurable, and can be verified empirically.
Meanwhile, the overall knowledge is knowledge that has not been
finalized, both the metaphysical and physical. It can also be said that
knowledge is information in the form of common sense, while science was
part higher than that because it has certain methods and mechanisms. So
the more specialized knowledge than knowledge, but by no means all of
science is knowledge.
A brief description of the above leads us to the conclusion that what is
meant by knowledge here is not scientific knowledge. Science diverse.
Jasin Maskoeri divide science into three broad categories. First, the
Social Sciences include psychology, education, anthropology, ethnology,
history, economics, and sociology. Secondly, the Natural Sciences which
includes physics, chemistry, and biology (botany, zoology, morphology,
anatomy, physiology, cytology, histology, and paleontology). Third,
Earth and Space Science including geology (petrology, volcanology, and
mineralogy), astronomy, and geography (physiography and geography
biology). Because of the wide scope of knowledge, the authors focus only
on the history of some of the science of the times recorded by the
historical literature that exists and mention some figures behind the
discovery and development of scientific theory.
Science Ancient Times
Broadly speaking, Proverbs Bakhtiar periodeisasi divide the history of
science into four periods: in ancient Greece, the Islamic era, the
Renaissance and the modern era, and the contemporary era. Periodeisasi
contains three possibilities. First, denying any prior knowledge
tersistem ancient Greece. Secondly, the absence of historical data on
the science before the time of ancient Greece are up to us. Third,
Bakhtiar deliberately not revealed it in his book. If the first
possibility occurs, then the information of the religious texts of the
names that Adam knew, for instance, does not include science but just
mere knowledge. If the second possibility is true, then it does not mean
knowledge tersistem just found and started in ancient Greece, but he
was there just before the information is not up to us. If the
possibility of a third force, the writer needs to disclose if only
briefly due to the limited resources available to the authors.
According to George J. Mouly, beginning science can disusur until the
beginning of man. There is no doubt that early humans had found some
empirical relationships that allow them to understand the state of the
world. The period of early humans, also known as pre-history. According
Soetriono and SDRM Hanafie Rita, his history began about 15,000 to 600
BCE. At this time humans developed advanced knowledge. They have been
known to read, write, and count. Their culture began to flourish in
certain places, the Egyptians in Africa, Sumeria, Babylon, Nineveh, and
China in Asia, the Maya and the Inca in Central America. They’ve been
able to count and recognize numbers. Although somewhat different from
the opinion, Muhammad Husain Haekal (1888-1956) found more specifically
that the source of civilization dating back more than six thousand years
ago (meaning around 4000 BC) was Egypt. Period before it put him into
the category of pre-history. Therefore, it is very difficult going
through to a scientific discovery.
Despite the differences of opinion about the beginning of the
pre-historical and historical times, it can be concluded that science
was born as a human on earth just naming sciences that usually comes
later. Emphasis on usability and applications tend to take precedence
over its name. This theory applies in general to some – not to say
all-disciplines from generation to generation. Armed with brains,
experience, and observations of natural phenomena, early humans, of
course, has a set of knowledge that can help them through life. A set of
knowledge is the longer will be more organized because this is the
basic characteristic of science. If we deny the existence of certain
knowledge that they have, then we will be difficult to answer the
question: is it possible they can survive for many years without any
stock?
Furthermore Mouly said the evidence in order to claim the following:
early efforts in the field of science that are recorded in the pages of
history by the Egyptians, where the Nile floods that occur each year
could contribute to the development of the system almanac, geometry, and
survey activities . This success was followed by the Babylonians and
Hindus who provide valuable contributions despite not seinsentif
activities Egyptians. After that came the Greeks who focuses on the
organization of science in which they not only contribute to the
development of the science of astronomy, medicine, and classification
systems of Aristotle, but also syllogism is the basis for the
description of the deductively human experiences.
Ancient Egypt, for example, bequeathed relics of high quality such as
the pyramids, temples, and the city penatanan system. Relics could not
exist without the knowledge that they have. The process of building a
towering pyramid made up of large boulders option can not be separated
from mathematics and architecture. Similarly, the development process of
their magnificent temples. Meanwhile, the system architecture and the
arrangement of the city require administration. In other words, the
historical relics indicate a certain sciences that they have so that
they can make their dreams come true. According Haekal, Egypt was the
center of the most prominent first brought civilization to the Greek or
Roman.
Meanwhile, according to Betrand Russell, during the Babylonian born a
few things that belong to science: the division of the day into
twenty-four hours, the circle into 360 degrees, allowing the discovery
of eclipse cycle of lunar eclipses can be predicted accurately and solar
eclipses with some estimates. This Babylonian knowledge into the hands
of Thales, the Greek philosophers.
